/* Shared styles for index.html and certificates.html. */
    :root {
      --bg: #f5f5f5;
      --header-bg: rgba(245, 245, 245, 0.75);
      --text: #1a1a1a;
      --text-muted: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.55);
      --banner-bg: #ffffff;
      --banner-border: #e0e0e0;
      --banner-hover-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
      --toggle-track: #c8c8c8;
      --toggle-thumb: #ffffff;
      --toggle-track-active: #8c6edc;
      --accent: #8c6edc;
    }

    [data-theme="dark"] {
      --bg: #1e1e1e;
      --header-bg: rgba(30, 30, 30, 0.75);
      --text: #e8e8e8;
      --text-muted: rgba(232, 232, 232, 0.5);
      --banner-bg: #2a2a2a;
      --banner-border: #3a3a3a;
      --banner-hover-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
      --toggle-track: #555;
      --toggle-thumb: #e8e8e8;
      --toggle-track-active: #8c6edc;
    }

    html {
      scroll-behavior: smooth;
      background: var(--bg);
      scrollbar-color: var(--accent) var(--bg);
      scrollbar-width: thin;
    }

    ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 4px; }
    ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background: transparent; }
    ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: rgba(140, 110, 220, 0.45); border-radius: 4px; }
    ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover { background: var(--accent); }

    *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }

    body {
      font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: var(--bg);
      color: var(--text);
      transition: background 0.25s, color 0.25s;
      min-height: 100vh;
    }

    /* ── Header ── */
    header {
      position: sticky;
      top: 0;
      z-index: 100;
      border-bottom: 1px solid var(--banner-border);
      transition: border-color 0.25s;
    }

    /* Blur lives on a pseudo-element, NOT on <header> itself. If the header
       carried backdrop-filter it would become a "backdrop root" and the
       mobile nav dropdown (a descendant) could no longer blur the page
       behind it. Keeping the filter off <header> lets the dropdown blur work. */
    header::before {
      content: '';
      position: absolute;
      inset: 0;
      z-index: -1;
      background: var(--header-bg);
      backdrop-filter: blur(14px);
      -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(14px);
      transition: background 0.25s;
    }

    .header-inner {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 0 32px;
      min-height: 56px;
      gap: 16px;
    }

    /* ── Nav ── */
    /* Logo sits left (`.brand-logo { margin-right: auto }`) and the nav is pushed
       to the right; the nav is content-width (no flex: 1). */
    .site-nav {
      display: flex;
      overflow-x: auto;
      scrollbar-width: none;
    }

    .site-nav::-webkit-scrollbar { display: none; }

    .nav-link {
      padding: 10px 12px;
      font-size: 0.85rem;
      font-weight: 500;
      color: var(--text);
      text-decoration: none;
      opacity: 0.55;
      transition: opacity 0.15s, color 0.15s;
      white-space: nowrap;
      border-bottom: 2px solid transparent;
    }

    /* Hover-brighten only with a real pointer. `@media (hover: hover)` is NOT
       enough — iPadOS Safari matches it (it reports as desktop-class), so a tap
       leaves `:hover` "stuck" on every tapped tab, which looks like several
       highlights at once next to the JS-managed .active link. `html.touch` is
       added by JS on the first touch, which reliably disables hover there. */
    html:not(.touch) .nav-link:hover { opacity: 1; color: var(--accent); }

    .nav-link.active {
      opacity: 1;
      color: var(--accent);
      border-bottom-color: var(--accent);
    }

    /* ── Main / sections ── */
    main {
      max-width: 900px;
      margin: 0 auto;
      padding: 0 24px;
    }

    .section {
      padding: 72px 0;
    }

    .section + .section {
      border-top: 1px solid var(--banner-border);
    }

    section[id] {
      scroll-margin-top: 72px;
    }

    /* Skip internal layout/paint for sections while they're off-screen.
       This is the property that actually cuts the reflow cost when the
       experience list expands/collapses, since everything below it would
       otherwise be re-laid-out every frame. contain-intrinsic-size reserves
       a placeholder height so the scrollbar doesn't jump. */
    #skills, #projects, #contact, footer {
      content-visibility: auto;
      contain-intrinsic-size: auto 600px;
    }

    .section h2 {
      font-size: 1.4rem;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: -0.02em;
      margin-bottom: 32px;
      display: inline-block;
      position: relative;
      padding-bottom: 10px;
    }

    .section h2::after {
      content: '';
      position: absolute;
      left: 0;
      bottom: 0;
      width: 32px;
      height: 2.5px;
      border-radius: 2px;
      background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--accent), #b47aff);
    }

    /* ── Home intro ── */
    .home-intro {
      margin-bottom: 48px;
    }

    .home-name {
      font-size: 2.5rem;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: -0.03em;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
    }

    .home-tagline {
      font-size: 1rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
    }

    /* ── Banners (home) ── */
    .banners {
      display: flex;
      gap: 24px;
    }

    .banner {
      flex: 1;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 16px;
      padding: 48px 24px;
      background: var(--banner-bg);
      border: 1px solid var(--banner-border);
      border-radius: 16px;
      text-decoration: none;
      color: var(--text);
      transition: transform 0.18s, box-shadow 0.18s, background 0.25s, border-color 0.25s;
    }

    .banner:hover {
      transform: translateY(-4px);
      box-shadow: 0 8px 28px rgba(140, 110, 220, 0.18);
      border-color: var(--accent);
      background: rgba(140, 110, 220, 0.03);
    }

    .banner:active { transform: translateY(-2px); }

    .banner--soon {
      opacity: 0.45;
      cursor: default;
      pointer-events: none;
    }

    .banner--soon::after {
      content: "Coming soon";
      font-size: 0.7rem;
      font-weight: 500;
      letter-spacing: 0.05em;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      color: var(--text-muted);
      margin-top: -8px;
    }

    .banner-icon {
      width: 56px;
      height: 56px;
      opacity: 0.85;
    }

    .banner span {
      font-size: 1.3rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      letter-spacing: -0.01em;
    }

    /* ── About ── */
    .about-text {
      font-size: 1rem;
      line-height: 1.75;
      color: var(--text);
      opacity: 0.85;
      max-width: 900px;
    }

    /* ── Experience ── */
    .experience-list {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 36px;
      position: relative;
      padding-left: 32px;
    }

    .experience-list::before {
      content: '';
      position: absolute;
      left: 13px;
      top: 10px;
      bottom: 10px;
      width: 1.5px;
      background: var(--banner-border);
      transition: background 0.25s;
    }

    .exp-entry {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr auto;
      column-gap: 16px;
      row-gap: 4px;
      position: relative;
    }

    .exp-entry::before {
      content: '';
      position: absolute;
      left: -24px;
      top: 4px;
      width: 10px;
      height: 10px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: var(--accent);
      border: 2.5px solid var(--bg);
      transition: background 0.25s, border-color 0.25s;
    }

    .exp-entry.dot-active::before {
      animation: dot-pulse 2.5s ease-in-out infinite;
    }

    @keyframes dot-pulse {
      0%, 100% { box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(140, 110, 220, 0.25); }
      50%       { box-shadow: 0 0 0 7px rgba(140, 110, 220, 0); }
    }

    .exp-title {
      font-size: 1rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      transition: color 0.3s ease;
    }

    /* Highlight the title of the entry whose dot is currently pulsing */
    .exp-entry.dot-active .exp-title {
      color: var(--accent);
    }

    .exp-company {
      font-size: 0.9rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
      grid-column: 1;
    }

    .exp-date {
      font-size: 0.85rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
      text-align: right;
      white-space: nowrap;
      grid-row: 1;
      grid-column: 2;
      align-self: start;
    }

    .exp-bullets {
      grid-column: 1 / -1;
      margin-top: 10px;
      padding-left: 18px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 5px;
    }

    .exp-bullets li {
      font-size: 0.9rem;
      line-height: 1.6;
      color: var(--text);
      opacity: 0.8;
    }

    .exp-projects {
      grid-column: 1 / -1;
      margin-top: 10px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 16px;
    }

    .exp-project-name {
      font-size: 0.85rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: var(--text-muted);
      margin-bottom: 6px;
    }

    .exp-projects .exp-bullets {
      margin-top: 0;
    }

    .exp-promo {
      grid-column: 1;
      margin-top: 5px;
      font-size: 0.8rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .exp-promo::before {
      content: '↑';
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 16px;
      height: 16px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: rgba(140, 110, 220, 0.15);
      color: var(--accent);
      font-size: 0.65rem;
      font-weight: 700;
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }

    /* ── Skills ── */
    .skills-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
      gap: 16px;
      align-items: start;
    }

    .skill-category {
      background: var(--banner-bg);
      border: 1px solid var(--banner-border);
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 20px 22px;
      transition: background 0.25s, border-color 0.25s;
    }

    .skill-category h3 {
      font-size: 0.72rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      letter-spacing: 0.08em;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      color: var(--text-muted);
      margin-bottom: 0;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
    }

    /* Unified accent color for all skill categories */
    .skill-category { --cat-rgb: 140, 110, 220; }

    .skill-level {
      font-size: 0.7rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      letter-spacing: 0.04em;
      color: rgb(var(--cat-rgb));
      text-transform: uppercase;
    }

    .skill-bar {
      height: 3px;
      background: var(--banner-border);
      border-radius: 2px;
      margin: 10px 0 14px;
      overflow: hidden;
      transition: background 0.25s;
    }

    .skill-bar-fill {
      height: 100%;
      width: 0;
      background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgb(var(--cat-rgb)), rgba(var(--cat-rgb), 0.4));
      border-radius: 2px;
      transition: width 1.35s cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.46, 0.45, 0.94) 0.25s;
    }

    .skill-category.is-visible .skill-bar-fill {
      width: var(--bar-width, 80%);
    }

    .skill-tags {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .skill-tag {
      padding: 5px 12px;
      background: rgba(var(--cat-rgb), 0.08);
      border: 1px solid rgba(var(--cat-rgb), 0.22);
      border-radius: 20px;
      font-size: 0.82rem;
      font-weight: 500;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background 0.2s, border-color 0.2s, transform 0.15s;
    }

    .skill-tag:hover,
    .skill-tag:focus-visible {
      background: rgba(var(--cat-rgb), 0.16);
      border-color: rgba(var(--cat-rgb), 0.45);
      transform: translateY(-1px);
      outline: none;
    }

    /* ── Skill info popover ── */
    .skill-popover {
      position: absolute;
      z-index: 200;
      max-width: 260px;
      padding: 12px 14px;
      background: var(--banner-bg);
      border: 1px solid var(--accent);
      border-radius: 10px;
      box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(140, 110, 220, 0.25);
      font-size: 0.82rem;
      line-height: 1.55;
      color: var(--text);
      opacity: 0;
      transform: translateY(6px) scale(0.97);
      transform-origin: top center;
      transition: opacity 0.18s ease, transform 0.18s ease;
      pointer-events: none;
    }

    .skill-popover.is-visible {
      opacity: 1;
      transform: translateY(0) scale(1);
    }

    .skill-popover-title {
      font-weight: 600;
      color: var(--accent);
      font-size: 0.8rem;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
    }

    /* ── Projects ── */
    .projects-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(260px, 1fr));
      gap: 20px;
    }

    .project-card {
      background: var(--banner-bg);
      border: 1px solid var(--banner-border);
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 24px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      transition: background 0.22s, border-color 0.22s, transform 0.22s, box-shadow 0.22s;
    }

    .project-card:hover {
      border-color: var(--accent);
      transform: translateY(-4px);
      box-shadow: 0 8px 28px rgba(140, 110, 220, 0.18);
      background: rgba(140, 110, 220, 0.03);
    }

    .project-card h3 {
      font-size: 1rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
      transition: color 0.22s;
    }

    .project-card:hover h3 {
      color: var(--accent);
    }

    .project-card p {
      font-size: 0.875rem;
      line-height: 1.6;
      color: var(--text-muted);
    }

    .project-link {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 7px;
      margin-top: auto;
      padding-top: 14px;
      border-top: 1px solid var(--banner-border);
      font-size: 0.8rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
      text-decoration: none;
      opacity: 0.45;
      pointer-events: none;
      cursor: default;
      transition: border-color 0.25s;
    }

    .project-link svg {
      width: 13px;
      height: 13px;
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }

    .project-link-soon {
      margin-left: auto;
      font-size: 0.72rem;
      font-weight: 500;
      letter-spacing: 0.05em;
      text-transform: uppercase;
    }

    /* ── Contact ── */
    .contact-card {
      background: var(--banner-bg);
      border: 1px solid var(--banner-border);
      border-radius: 16px;
      padding: 36px 40px;
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 40px;
      align-items: center;
      transition: background 0.25s, border-color 0.25s;
    }

    .contact-card-heading {
      font-size: 1.2rem;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: -0.02em;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
    }

    .contact-card-tagline {
      font-size: 0.9rem;
      line-height: 1.65;
      color: var(--text-muted);
      margin: 0;
    }

    .contact-right {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 16px;
    }

    .contact-btn {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 10px;
      padding: 11px 20px;
      background: var(--accent);
      color: #fff;
      border-radius: 8px;
      font-size: 0.9rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      text-decoration: none;
      align-self: flex-start;
      transition: opacity 0.15s, transform 0.15s;
    }

    .contact-btn:hover {
      opacity: 0.88;
      transform: translateY(-2px);
    }

    .contact-btn svg {
      width: 15px;
      height: 15px;
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }

    .contact-secondary {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .contact-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
      font-size: 0.88rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
    }

    .contact-row svg {
      width: 14px;
      height: 14px;
      flex-shrink: 0;
      opacity: 0.6;
    }

    .contact-row a {
      color: var(--text);
      text-decoration: none;
      border-bottom: 1px solid var(--banner-border);
      transition: border-color 0.15s;
    }

    .contact-row a:hover { border-bottom-color: var(--text); }

    /* ── Intro reveal ── */
    /* Shown while html has .intro (added by the head script, skipped for
       prefers-reduced-motion and no-JS). The .intro-closing class keeps it
       displayed after .intro is removed, so it can animate out (converging
       into the hero canvas) instead of vanishing instantly. */
    #intro {
      position: fixed;
      inset: 0;
      z-index: 9999;
      background: var(--bg);
      display: none;
    }

    html.intro #intro,
    #intro.intro-closing { display: block; }

    .intro-canvas {
      position: absolute;
      inset: 0;
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
    }

    /* Brand mark centered over the particle field. It lives inside #intro, so
       the convergence/fade in finish() carries it out with the overlay. */
    .intro-logo {
      position: absolute;
      top: 50%;
      left: 50%;
      width: min(72vw, 600px);
      height: auto;
      transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
      z-index: 1;
      pointer-events: none;
      animation: introLogoIn 0.7s ease both;
    }

    /* `from`-only so it settles at the element's natural (centered, full) state */
    @keyframes introLogoIn {
      from { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.92); }
    }

    /* Choreographed reveal: elements marked .intro-rise stay hidden + lowered
       while the intro is active (html.intro), then play a staggered rise-in
       animation once the intro finishes (html.intro-done). Using a keyframe
       animation (not a transition) keeps each element's own transitions — e.g.
       the banner hover lift — intact. The overlay covers everything during the
       intro, so below-fold content needs no special handling.
       introRise omits its `to` opacity so each element animates up to its own
       natural value (the CV banner correctly settles at its dimmed 0.45). */
    @keyframes introRise {
      from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(16px); }
    }

    html.intro .intro-rise {
      opacity: 0;
      transform: translateY(16px);
    }

    html.intro-done .intro-rise {
      animation: introRise 0.6s ease backwards;
    }

    html.intro-done header.intro-rise        { animation-delay: 0s; }
    html.intro-done .home-name.intro-rise    { animation-delay: 0.12s; }
    html.intro-done .home-tagline.intro-rise { animation-delay: 0.22s; }
    html.intro-done .banner.intro-rise:nth-child(1) { animation-delay: 0.30s; }
    html.intro-done .banner.intro-rise:nth-child(2) { animation-delay: 0.38s; }
    html.intro-done .banner.intro-rise:nth-child(3) { animation-delay: 0.46s; }

    /* ── Scroll animations ── */
    /* exp-entry / skill-category have no hover transitions, so the simple
       transition approach is fine. */
    .first-visit .exp-entry,
    .first-visit .skill-category {
      opacity: 0;
      transform: translateY(24px);
      transition: opacity 0.7s ease, transform 0.7s ease;
    }

    .first-visit .exp-entry.is-visible,
    .first-visit .skill-category.is-visible {
      opacity: 1;
      transform: none;
    }

    /* Cards DO have their own hover transitions (lift/glow), so the entrance
       uses a keyframe animation instead of a transition — and JS adds
       .entrance-done on animationend to release it, so hover works afterward. */
    @keyframes riseIn {
      from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(24px); }
      to   { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
    }

    .first-visit .project-card,
    .first-visit .contact-card {
      opacity: 0;
    }

    .first-visit .project-card.is-visible,
    .first-visit .contact-card.is-visible {
      animation: riseIn 0.7s ease forwards;
    }

    .first-visit .project-card.entrance-done,
    .first-visit .contact-card.entrance-done {
      animation: none;
      opacity: 1;
    }

    /* Honor reduced-motion: show the scroll-reveal elements immediately with no
       slide/fade. !important so it wins over the higher-specificity .is-visible
       rules above regardless of source order. */
    @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
      .first-visit .exp-entry,
      .first-visit .skill-category,
      .first-visit .project-card,
      .first-visit .contact-card,
      .first-visit .project-card.is-visible,
      .first-visit .contact-card.is-visible {
        opacity: 1 !important;
        transform: none !important;
        transition: none !important;
        animation: none !important;
      }
    }

    /* ── Footer ── */
    footer {
      background: var(--banner-bg);
      border-top: 1px solid var(--banner-border);
      transition: background 0.25s, border-color 0.25s;
    }

    .footer-inner {
      max-width: 900px;
      margin: 0 auto;
      padding: 0 32px;
      min-height: 56px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    .footer-inner p {
      font-size: 0.85rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
    }

    /* ── Hero canvas ── */
    #home {
      position: relative;
      overflow: hidden;
    }

    .home-canvas {
      position: absolute;
      inset: 0;
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      pointer-events: none;
    }

    .home-intro,
    .banners {
      position: relative;
      z-index: 1;
    }

    /* ── Typing cursor ── */
    .typed-cursor {
      display: inline-block;
      color: var(--accent);
      animation: cursor-blink 1s step-end infinite;
      margin-left: 1px;
    }

    @keyframes cursor-blink {
      0%, 100% { opacity: 1; }
      50%       { opacity: 0; }
    }

    /* ── Hamburger ── */
    .nav-toggle {
      display: none;
      background: none;
      border: none;
      cursor: pointer;
      padding: 8px;
      color: var(--text);
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }

    /* ── Responsive ── */
    @media (max-width: 520px) {
      .header-inner { padding: 0 12px; gap: 0; justify-content: space-between; }

      .nav-toggle { display: flex; align-items: center; }

      .site-nav {
        display: flex;
        position: absolute;
        top: 100%;
        left: 0;
        right: 0;
        flex-direction: column;
        background: var(--header-bg);
        backdrop-filter: blur(14px);
        -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(14px);
        border-top: 1px solid var(--banner-border);
        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--banner-border);
        padding: 8px 0;
        z-index: 99;
        /* Closed state — animated, not display:none (so it can transition
           and so the backdrop blur actually renders) */
        opacity: 0;
        visibility: hidden;
        transform: translateY(-10px);
        transition: opacity 0.25s ease, transform 0.25s ease, visibility 0s linear 0.25s;
      }

      .site-nav.nav-open {
        opacity: 1;
        visibility: visible;
        transform: translateY(0);
        transition: opacity 0.25s ease, transform 0.25s ease;
      }

      .nav-link {
        padding: 12px 24px;
        border-bottom: none;
        border-left: 2px solid transparent;
      }

      .nav-link.active {
        border-left-color: var(--accent);
        border-bottom-color: transparent;
      }

      .banners { flex-direction: column; }
      .exp-entry { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
      .exp-date { grid-row: auto; grid-column: auto; text-align: left; }
      .skills-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
      .contact-card { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 24px; }


      .read-more-btn {
        display: inline-flex;
        align-items: center;
        background: none;
        border: none;
        padding: 6px 0;
        margin-top: 4px;
        font-size: 0.82rem;
        font-weight: 600;
        color: var(--accent);
        cursor: pointer;
        font-family: inherit;
      }

      .read-more-btn:hover { opacity: 0.7; }
    }

    /* ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
       Certificates  (home 4th banner + certificates.html page)
       ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */

    /* 4th home banner (Certificates) joins the intro stagger */
    html.intro-done .banner.intro-rise:nth-child(4) { animation-delay: 0.54s; }

    /* certificates.html header: <mf/> logo left, theme toggle right */
    .brand-logo { display: flex; align-items: center; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none; }
    .brand-logo img { height: 22px; width: auto; display: block; }
    .brand-logo:hover { opacity: 0.85; }

    .cert-page-title {
      font-size: 2rem;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: -0.02em;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
    }
    .cert-page-sub { color: var(--text-muted); margin-bottom: 36px; }

    /* space between the Certifications and Courses groups */
    .cert-section + .cert-section { margin-top: 44px; }
    .cert-section { scroll-margin-top: 72px; }  /* clear the sticky header on nav-jump */

    /* full-page particle background (certificates.html) */
    .page-bg-canvas {
      position: fixed;
      inset: 0;
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      z-index: 0;
      pointer-events: none;
    }
    /* keep page content above the background canvas (header is sticky/z-index:100) */
    .has-page-bg main { position: relative; z-index: 1; }

    .cert-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(260px, 1fr));
      gap: 20px;
    }

    .cert-card {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
      gap: 14px;
      padding: 32px 22px;
      background: var(--banner-bg);
      border: 1px solid var(--banner-border);
      border-radius: 16px;
      text-decoration: none;
      color: var(--text);
      transition: transform 0.18s, box-shadow 0.18s, background 0.25s, border-color 0.25s;
    }

    a.cert-card:hover {
      transform: translateY(-4px);
      box-shadow: 0 8px 28px rgba(140, 110, 220, 0.18);
      border-color: var(--accent);
      background: rgba(140, 110, 220, 0.03);
    }
    a.cert-card:active { transform: translateY(-2px); }
    .cert-card--nolink { cursor: default; }

    .cert-logo {
      width: 52px;
      height: 52px;
      object-fit: contain;
      opacity: 0.9;
      color: var(--accent);
    }
    .cert-logo svg { width: 100%; height: 100%; }
    /* image logos (usually white-bg brand JPGs) sit on a white rounded chip so
       they read cleanly on both light and dark cards */
    img.cert-logo {
      width: 60px;
      height: 60px;
      padding: 8px;
      background: #fff;
      border-radius: 12px;
      opacity: 1;
    }

    .cert-name {
      font-size: 1.1rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      letter-spacing: -0.01em;
      line-height: 1.3;
    }
    .cert-company {
      font-size: 0.82rem;
      color: var(--text-muted);
      margin-top: -10px;       /* sit close under the name (card gap is 14px) */
    }
    .cert-date { font-size: 0.85rem; color: var(--text-muted); }

    .cert-status {
      font-size: 0.7rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      letter-spacing: 0.04em;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      padding: 4px 12px;
      border-radius: 999px;
      border: 1px solid transparent;
    }
    .cert-status--active {
      color: #1f9d57;
      background: rgba(31, 157, 87, 0.12);
      border-color: rgba(31, 157, 87, 0.35);
    }
    .cert-status--expired {
      color: #c0453b;
      background: rgba(210, 84, 74, 0.12);
      border-color: rgba(210, 84, 74, 0.35);
    }
    [data-theme="dark"] .cert-status--active  { color: #4ade80; }
    [data-theme="dark"] .cert-status--expired { color: #f87171; }

    /* staggered entrance — JS sets per-card animation-delay; reuses @keyframes riseIn */
    .cert-card {
      opacity: 0;
      animation: riseIn 0.6s ease both;
    }
    @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
      .cert-card { opacity: 1 !important; transform: none !important; animation: none !important; }
    }

    @media (max-width: 520px) {
      .cert-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    }